# Preface

This is a tutorial made solely for the purpose of education and it was designed for students taking Applied Math 0330. It is primarily for students who have very little experience or have never used Mathematica before and would like to learn more of the basics for this computer algebra system. As a friendly reminder, don't forget to clear variables in use and/or the kernel.

Finally, the commands in this tutorial are all written in bold black font, while Mathematica output is in regular fonts. This means that you can copy and paste all comamnds into Mathematica, change the parameters and run them. You, as the user, are free to use the scripts to your needs for learning how to use the Mathematica program, and have the right to distribute this tutorial and refer to this tutorial as long as this tutorial is accredited appropriately.

# Hamming Method

In 1959, Richard Wesley Hamming from Bell Telephone Laboratories, Murray Hill, New Jersey, proposed a stable predictor-corrector method for ordinary differential equations, which now bears his name. He improved classical Milne--Simpson method by replacing unstable corrector rule by a stable one.
Journal of the ACM, Volume 6, Issue 1, Jan. 1959, pages 37-47.

The Hamming multistep method is used to approximate solution of the initial vaue problem $$y' = f(x,y), \quad y(x_0 ) = y_0$$ over interval [a,b] (where usually x0 = a) by using the predictor
$p_{n+1} = y_{n-3} + \frac{4h}{3} \left( 2\,f_{n-2} - f_{n-1} + 2\,f_n \right) , \qquad n=3,4,\ldots .$
and the corrector
$y_{n+1} = \frac{9\, y_n - y_{n-2}}{8} + \frac{3h}{8} \left( f_{n+1} - f_{n-1} + 2\,f_n \right) , \qquad n=3,4,\ldots .$
As usual, we implement a unifom grid $$x_n = x_0 + n\,h ,$$ with step length h. Here yn is an approximation to the true value $$\phi (x_n )$$ of the actual solution $$y = \phi (x) .$$

Example. Let us start with the Riccati equation $$y' = x^2 + y^2$$ subject to the initial condition $$y(0) =-1 .$$ Its solution is expressed through Bessel functions:

$d(x)\, y(x) = J_{-3/4} \left( \frac{x^2}{2} \right) \left( \Gamma^2 \left( \frac{3}{4} \right) + \pi \right) - Y_{-3/4} \left( \frac{x^2}{2} \right) \Gamma^2 \left( \frac{3}{4} \right) .$
where the denominator
$d(x) = Y_{1/4} \left( \frac{x^2}{2} \right) \Gamma^2 \left( \frac{3}{4} \right) - J_{1/4} \left( \frac{x^2}{2} \right) \left( \Gamma^2 \left( \frac{3}{4} \right) +\pi \right)$
has the first positive null at x = 2.223378383 as the figure shows
d[x_] = BesselY[1/4, x^2 /2]*Gamma[3/4]^2 - BesselJ[1/4, x^2 /2]*(Gamma[3/4]^2 + Pi)
Plot[d[x], {x, 0, 5.5}, PlotStyle -> Thick]
The sollution blows up near the point 2.223378.